Current Frontiers Era | Psi Research Library

Institutional Milestones

2016 — Jessica Utts, as president of the American Statistical Association, delivers an address referencing psi research and the importance of understanding statistics beyond p-values.
2017 — The Journal of Scientific Exploration and Explore continue as primary outlets, while mainstream journals increasingly engage with the topic through reviews and commentaries.
2018 — Etzel Cardena publishes "The Experimental Evidence for Parapsychological Phenomena" in American Psychologist, the APA's flagship journal. This comprehensive review — by an endowed professor at Lund University — represents the most authoritative mainstream summary of the evidence since Bem & Honorton (1994).
2017 — John Protzko and Jonathan Schooler publish "Decline Effects: Types, Mechanisms, and Personal Reflections" as a chapter in Psychological Science Under Scrutiny (Wiley), providing a four-part taxonomy of decline effects and offering divergent personal reflections: Protzko attributes declines to Type I errors and confirmation bias, while Schooler entertains unconventional observer-related mechanisms.
2018 — Jonathan Schooler, Stephen Baumgart, and Michael Franklin publish "Entertaining Without Endorsing" in Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, proposing a Bayesian framework for how mainstream science can engage with anomalous cognition by distinguishing a liberal criterion for entertaining hypotheses from a strict criterion for endorsing them.
2019 — Reber & Alcock publish "Searching for the Impossible" in American Psychologist, arguing that psi violates known physical laws and therefore cannot exist regardless of statistical evidence — a philosophical rejection of the empirical approach.
2019 — The Telepathy Tapes podcast and related public attention bring facilitated communication and autism-related psi claims into popular discourse, prompting new scrutiny and research.
2020 — Pre-registration and registered reports become increasingly standard in psi research, reflecting the field's early adoption of open-science reforms.
2021-2025 — Dean Radin continues double-slit consciousness experiments at IONS, publishing increasingly refined protocols.
2024 — Tressoldi et al. publish a ganzfeld registered-report meta-analysis, bringing the ganzfeld debate into the pre-registered era.
2025 — Radin publishes observer-influence quantum interference experiments and Global Consciousness Project analyses of New Year's Eve events. A new generation of pre-registered precognition research emerges from non-Western contexts (Alibalaei et al. 2025 at S-VYASA, India), yielding null primary results but intriguing psi-missing patterns.
2025 — Sheldrake, Stedall, and Tressoldi publish a telecommunication telepathy meta-analysis in Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition synthesizing 26 experiments across phone/email/SMS paradigms; telepathy-condition effects remain above chance while matched precognition conditions are near chance.

Research Character

The current era is defined by three threads: (1) comprehensive review papers that attempt to assess the cumulative evidence across all paradigms; (2) the adoption of open-science practices (pre-registration, registered reports, Bayesian analysis); and (3) escalating theoretical engagement with quantum mechanics and consciousness science. The Cardena (2018) review in American Psychologist is the era's defining publication, paralleling Bem & Honorton's 1994 role for the ganzfeld era. The field grapples with the tension between accumulating positive meta-analyses and persistent replication difficulties. Skeptical engagement shifts from methodological critiques toward philosophical arguments about prior plausibility.

📄 In library:

Major Reviews & Overviews:

cardena_2018_experimental — Cardena (2018), "The Experimental Evidence for Parapsychological Phenomena," American Psychologist. The era's landmark review.
protzko_2017_decline_effects — Protzko & Schooler (2017), "Decline Effects: Types, Mechanisms, and Personal Reflections," book chapter in Psychological Science Under Scrutiny (Wiley). Taxonomy of four decline-effect types; Protzko skeptical, Schooler open to unconventional mechanisms.
schooler_2018_entertaining — Schooler, Baumgart & Franklin (2018), "Entertaining Without Endorsing," Psychology of Consciousness. Bayesian epistemological framework for anomalous cognition research; proposes nine criteria for endorsement.
reber_2019_searching — Reber & Alcock (2019), "Searching for the Impossible," American Psychologist. The philosophical rejection.
utts_2016_appreciating — Utts (2016), Appreciating Statistics. ASA presidential address context.
sheldrake_2025_telecommunication_telepathy_meta — Sheldrake, Stedall & Tressoldi (2025), "Telecommunication Telepathy: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition 5(1):47-69. Meta-analysis of 26 experiments (15 papers) reports telepathy-condition ES.Hits = 8.7% above chance (95% CI 5.3-11.9; standardized ES = 0.17, p = 1x10^-7), with three precognition-condition datasets near chance. Current quantitative capstone for the telephone/email/SMS telepathy line.

Precognition & Retrocausation (Continued):

bem_2017_five_years_later — Silva & Poeschl (2016), "Bem's 'Feeling the Future' (2011) Five Years Later: Its Impact on Scientific Literature." Bibliometric analysis of N=162 Scopus citing texts (2011-2015) using Iramuteq text analysis; identifies four disciplinary impact classes: Replication in Psychology (31.4%), Bayesian Inference (26.9%), Anomalous Experience research (24.6%), and Quantum Theories (17.2%); psychology journals dominate the critical classes, non-psychology sources the empirical/theoretical classes. Note: cataloged under 'bem_2017_five_years_later' (legacy naming); lead author is Bruno Silva.
mossbridge_2018_precognition — Mossbridge & Radin (2018), "Precognition as a Form of Prospection: A Review of the Evidence," Psychology of Consciousness. Target article in an APA journal consolidating presentiment, Bem-style implicit, and forced-choice precognition literatures into a single theoretical framework; prompted cross-examination by Houran et al.
houran_2018_crossexamining — Houran, Lange & Hooper (2018), "Cross-Examining the Case for Precognition," Psychology of Consciousness. A multidisciplinary commentary with Fermi Lab physicist Dan Hooper challenging Mossbridge & Radin's precognition review on both statistical grounds (small effects do not exceed measurement artifacts) and physics grounds (retrocausation violates relativity and thermodynamics). Proposed transliminality as a conventional alternative.
duggan_2018_paa_update — Duggan & Tressoldi (2018), "Predictive physiological anticipation preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli: An update of Mossbridge's et al meta-analysis," F1000Research 7:407. Meta-analysis update of Mossbridge et al. (2012): 18 new studies (26 experiments, 34 effect sizes) from 2008-2017 yield overall g = 0.29 (95% CI [0.19, 0.38], p = 8×10⁻⁶); peer-reviewed studies g = 0.38, non-peer-reviewed g = 0.22; Copas model finds no publication bias. Confirms and slightly strengthens the original meta-analytic findings.
woody_2018_perspectives — Woody et al. (2018), Perspectives on Precognition.
maier_2018_intentional_observer — Maier et al. (2018), "Intentional Observer Effects on Quantum Randomness: A Bayesian Analysis Reveals Evidence Against Micro-Psychokinesis." Online experiment (N=12,571) with Quantis quantum RNG; Bayesian sequential testing yields BF01=10.07 (strong null). Key negative result for micro-PK.
maier_2020_preregistered — Maier et al. (2020), Pre-Registered Retro-PK Replication.
kekecs_2023_transparent_psi — Kekecs et al. (2023), "Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: the transparent Psi project," R. Soc. Open Sci. First adversarial-consensus pre-registered multi-lab replication of Bem's Exp 1 (10 labs, N=2,115, 37,836 trials); hit rate 49.89%, BF₀₁≈72; introduced a suite of credibility-enhancing tools (born-open data, external audit, tamper-evident software) that set a new methodological standard for controversial replications.
radin_2023_sentiment — Radin et al. (2023), Twitter Presentiment. Novel approach using social media sentiment data.
roney_dougal_2011_meditation_tibetan — Roney-Dougal & Solfvin (2011), "Exploring the Relationship between Tibetan Meditation Attainment and Precognition," Journal of Scientific Exploration 25(1):29-46. Study 2 in a series testing whether meditation depth predicts psi. Ten Tibetan Buddhist monks (2 Nyingma Lamas, 1 Gelugpa Rinpoche, 7 Gelugpa Geshes) at two South Indian monastic universities each completed 8 sessions of a computerized free-response precognition task following 15 minutes of meditation (mantra or visualization). Overall results at chance (r = 0.08), but the two Nyingma Lamas showed significant psi-hitting (r = 0.50, p = 0.04). Combined with Study 1 (JSE 2008), monastic rank significantly predicted psi across 18 monks: F(2,15) = 4.33, p = 0.033; and meditation-years correlated with psi: rho = 0.737, p = 0.0005. Conducted at the request of the Dalai Lama; one of very few psi experiments with Tibetan monastics.
alibalaei_2025_experimental — Alibalaei, Radin, Ilavarasu & Nagendra (2025), "Experimental Investigation of Precognition in Yoga Practitioners," JSPR 89(1). Four pre-registered forced-choice precognition studies (total N=273) testing whether yoga/meditation enhances psi; all primary hypotheses null but consistent post hoc psi-missing across all experiments; conducted at S-VYASA, Bengaluru — one of the first parapsychological experiments from an Indian yoga university.

Double-Slit & Quantum Consciousness:

walleczek_2019_false_positive_amp — Walleczek & von Stillfried (2019), "False-Positive Effect in the Radin Double-Slit Experiment on Observer Consciousness as Determined With the Advanced Meta-Experimental Protocol," Frontiers in Psychology 10:1891. Commissioned conceptual replication (10,000 trials, pre-specified blinded analysis) performed by Radin himself. Failed to replicate original results (0% true-positive match). Sham-experiment (no test subjects) produced significant false-positive in the predicted category (p = 0.021, σ = −2.02); false-positive effect size ~0.01% vs. claimed 0.001% consciousness effect. The most rigorous methodological challenge to the DS program.
radin_2019_double_slit — Radin et al. (2019), Double-Slit Consciousness Experiments.
radin_2021_psychophysical — Radin, Wahbeh, Michel & Delorme (2021), "Psychophysical Interactions with a Double-Slit Interference Pattern," Physics Essays 34(1), 79-88. Previously unreported 2012-2013 experiment (N=25, 250 sessions in EM-shielded chamber at IONS). Planned analysis: null after FDR. Two exploratory post hoc analyses positive: spectral z = −2.829 (p = 0.002), 12-element causal model Spearman ρ = 0.873 (p = 0.0003), fringe visibility 7/22 fringes above 2.3σ after FDR. Sham sessions uniformly null. Notable for the 8-year publication delay (funder Walleczek withheld disclosure pending his own critique) and for the tension between null planned and significant exploratory results.
walleczek_2020_false_positive_radin — Walleczek & von Stillfried (2020), "Response: Commentary: False-Positive Effect in the Radin Double-Slit Experiment," Frontiers in Psychology 11:596125. Documents HARKing in Radin et al.'s defense of the DS-experiment: the AMP-based replication found a significant false-positive (p = 0.021, N = 1,250 trials) but null results for predicted true-positives. Three independent sources (Guerrer, Tremblay, Walleczek & von Stillfried) converge on the conclusion that the paradigm is prone to false discoveries.
radin_2022_psychophysical_effects_double_slit — Radin & Delorme (2022), "Psychophysical Effects on an Interference Pattern in a Double-Slit Optical System: An Exploratory Analysis of Variance," Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition 2(2):362–388 (DOI: 10.31156/jaex.24054). Exploratory reanalysis of the 2016 online experiment (8,294 sessions: 2,825 human, 5,469 robot control). The original directional hypothesis failed per Tremblay (2019/2021); a new variance-based (bidirectional) metric, |Δv|, finds significant human-vs-robot differences: z = 4.16 (p = .00002) in 2013, z = 3.14 (p = .0008) in 2014 replication, Stouffer Z = 5.57 (p = 1.3×10⁻⁸) combined. Peak lag 1.25–1.5 s. Environmental checks negative. Directly responds to the Walleczek and Tremblay critiques.
radin_2022_psychophysical — Radin (2022), Electrical Plasma Experiments.
radin_2025_observer — Radin (2025), Observer Influence on Quantum Interference. The latest in this research line.
kauffman_2023_quantum — Kauffman (2023), Quantum Brain-Mind Proposal.

Ganzfeld (Continued):

storm_2020_metaanalysis — Storm et al. (2020), Ganzfeld Meta-Analysis 2009-2018. Continued above-chance effects.
tressoldi_2024_ganzfeld_meta — Tressoldi et al. (2024), Ganzfeld Registered Report Meta-Analysis. The first pre-registered ganzfeld meta.
storm_2017_correspondence — Storm (2017), Dream Content and Targets.

Brain-to-Brain Interaction & DMILS:

tressoldi_2016_brain_interaction — Giroldini, Pederzoli, Bilucaglia et al. (2016), "EEG Correlates of Social Interaction at Distance," F1000Research. Introduced the GW6 inter-electrode correlation algorithm to detect a receiver alpha-band response (9-10 Hz, p = 0.003) invisible to classical ERP averaging in 25 sender-receiver pairs.
Schmidt (2019), Social Connection and DMILS.

Healing, Intention, & Biofield:

delorme_2016_meditation_bioassay — Delorme et al. (2016), Meditation and Intention Bioassay.
beseme_2018_transcriptional — Beseme, Bengston, Radin, Turner & McMichael (2018), "Transcriptional Changes in Cancer Cells Induced by Exposure to a Healing Method," Dose-Response. First study measuring molecular gene expression changes from the Bengston healing method: ACLY downregulated at 4hr across 3 independent experiments (fold: −1.35 to −2.11), IL-1β at 24hr; electromagnetic recording of healers in Faraday chamber induced changes in 68/167 genes. Collaboration between Beech Tree Labs, St Joseph's College, and IONS.
delorme_2018_intuitive — Delorme et al. (2018), Intuitive Mortality Assessment.
schwartz_2019_water — Schwartz (2019), Water and Intention.
yu_2024_effects — Yu et al. (2024), Intentionally Treated Water.
vieten_2018_future — Vieten, Wahbeh, Cahn, MacLean, Estrada, Mills, Murphy, Shapiro, Radin, Josipovic, Presti, Batcheldor, Atmanspacher, Delorme (2018), "Future Directions in Meditation Research: Recommendations for Expanding the Field of Contemplative Science," PLoS ONE 13(11): e0205740. Cross-sectional online survey of 1,120 meditators (mean 14.7 years practice, 66 countries) developed by 4-year IONS task force: 56% report clairvoyance/telepathy, 31% external physical phenomena (PK-like), 82% synchronicities, 91% altered awareness; MEQ30 subscale means 3.26-3.71; clairvoyance most correlated with practice length (r=.30); 25% lifetime psychiatric diagnosis (comparable to general population). Provides population-level context for laboratory psi research with meditator samples.

Mediumship & Channeling:

wahbeh_2018_mixed — Wahbeh et al. (2018), "A Mixed Methods Phenomenological and Exploratory Study of Channeling," JSPR. First use of quantum noise generator during channeling sessions; modest QNG deviation during channeling vs. control (z = 2.250, p = 0.024).
wahbeh_2018_people — Wahbeh (2018), Mediumship and Dissociation.
wahbeh_2018_exceptional — Wahbeh (2018), Exceptional Experiences of Mediums.
wahbeh_2018_taxonomy — Wahbeh (2018), Exceptional Experiences Taxonomy.
wahbeh_2019_noetic — Wahbeh, Yount, Vieten, Radin & Delorme (2019), "Measuring Extraordinary Experiences and Beliefs: A Validation and Reliability Study," F1000Research. Psychometric validation of the 20-item NEBS separating paranormal belief (α=0.90) from experience (α=0.93) as distinct latent constructs; CFA confirmed two-factor model (RMSEA=0.060, CFI=0.94) across 361 general-population and 646 IONS participants; provides the field's first standardized tool for measuring belief vs. experience independently.

Near-Death Experiences & DMT:

timmermann_2018_dmt_nde — Timmermann et al. (2018), "DMT Models the Near-Death Experience," Frontiers in Psychology 9:1424. First controlled study to formally compare IV DMT (N=13, placebo-controlled) with actual NDEs using the Greyson NDE scale. All participants scored above NDE threshold (d = 3.09 vs. placebo); DMT-induced NDE scores comparable to matched actual NDE experiencers (d = 0.49). Strong overlap with ego dissolution (r = 0.69) and mystical experience (r = 0.90). Provides pharmacological evidence that a serotonergic drug can reproduce the full NDE phenomenological profile.
moore_2017_nde_memory — Moore & Greyson (2017), "Characteristics of Memories for Near-Death Experiences," Consciousness and Cognition 51, 116-124. Largest MCQ study of NDE memory (N=122 NDE survivors): repeated measures ANOVA (F=113.67, df=1.95, p<0.001, η²=0.486) showed NDE memories scored significantly higher than real-event and imagined-event memories on total MCQ and 4 of 5 factors (all pairwise p<.001); sensory factor NS (p=0.081); NDE depth correlated with memory richness (r=0.42, p<.001); non-NDErs' real memories were equivalent to NDErs' real memories, ruling out general memory enhancement. Extends Thonnard et al. (2013) with 3× larger sample. NOTE: Catalog originally misidentified as Martial et al. (2017) — corrected Session 54.
cassol_2018_nde_memory — Cassol et al. (2018), "Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences," PLOS ONE. First rigorous qualitative analysis of cardiac arrest NDE narratives using Braun & Clarke methodology; identified 11 themes (kappa = 0.73), 3 extending beyond the Greyson Scale.
martial_2017_nde_features — Martial et al. (2017), "Temporality of Features in Near-Death Experience Narratives," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11:311. First rigorous quantitative test of NDE temporal sequence: text analysis of 154 narratives found no fixed feature order, with the most common 4-feature sequence appearing in only 22% of qualifying narratives.
palmieri_2022_neurofunctional_nde — Romand & Ehret (2023), "Neuro-functional modeling of near-death experiences in contexts of altered states of consciousness," Frontiers in Psychology 13:846159. Comprehensive review of neuro-functional NDE models integrating drug, epilepsy, brain stimulation, and ischemic stress evidence; uniquely draws on ~1,000 fighter pilot G-LOC episodes to support NDEs as hallucination-like phenomena from brains in altered states. NOTE: Catalog ID misattributes authorship to Palmieri — corrected Session 62.
greyson_2022_nde_fear_death — Pehlivanova, Carroll & Greyson (2022), "Which Near-Death Experience Features Are Associated with Reduced Fear of Death?" Mortality 28(3):493–509. Largest feature-level NDE study to date (N=384 NDErs): encountering mystical beings (ρ=−0.22) and undergoing a life review (ρ=−0.22) are the strongest predictors of reduced Fear of Death (Bonferroni-corrected p<0.003); cosmic unity predicts lower Death Anxiety; contrary to theory, out-of-body disembodiment does NOT predict fear reduction. Identifies transcendental rather than somatic NDE elements as active ingredients for lasting death-attitude transformation.
delorme_2021_survival_consciousness — Delorme, Radin & Wahbeh (2021), "Advancing the Evidence for Survival of Consciousness," Bigelow Institute for Consciousness Studies Essay Contest (first-place winner). Adapts a medical A–F evidence-grading framework to nine survival-evidence categories: mental and physical mediumship receive B+, reincarnation and NDE OBE aspects B-; no category achieves grade A, primarily due to the unresolved psi-vs-survival interpretive confound. Surveyed 422 academics: controlled veridical OBEs during NDEs ranked as the most persuasive possible experiment (mean 14.4/50), followed by mediumship (9.6) and reincarnation (9.0). IONS team provides the field's most structured evaluation of what would constitute decisive survival evidence.
kondziella_2023_nde_systematic_analysis — Hashemi, Oroojan, Rassouli & Ashrafizadeh (2023), "Explanation of Near-Death Experiences: A Systematic Analysis of Case Reports and Qualitative Research," Frontiers in Psychology 14:1048929. Systematic qualitative synthesis of 54 studies (465 NDErs, 1980-2022) establishing a 4-category, 19-subcategory NDE taxonomy with a universal cross-cultural phenomenological core. NOTE: Catalog ID misattributes authorship to Kondziella.
martial_2025_nde_clinical_relevance — Michael, Fritz, Gosseries, Rousseau, Ancion, Ghuysen & Martial (2025), "The Central Clinical Relevance of Near-Death Experiences in Acute Care Contexts," Frontiers in Psychology 16:1544438. Perspective article from the Coma Science Group arguing NDEs should be systematically identified and managed in emergency/ICU settings; reviews incidence (~20% cardiac arrest, ~15% ICU, possibly 58-64% pediatric); proposes NDE-C scale screening, differentiation from delirium, and set-and-setting optimization drawing on psychedelic therapy parallels.

Global Consciousness / RNG (Continued):

bancel_2017_searching / bancel_2017_global_consciousness — Bancel (2017), Exploration of Global Consciousness data.
walach_2020_evidence — Walach (2020), Anomalistic Correlations with RNG.
Boesch (2019), Online RNG Experiments.
holmberg_2020_stock — Holmberg (2020), Stock Returns and Mind. Applied GCP-style analysis to financial data.
radin_2023_anomalous — Radin et al. (2023), Collective Consciousness and Entropy.
radin_2025_years — Radin (2025), New Year's Eve Global Consciousness Analysis.

Mind-Matter Interaction:

freedman_2018_mindmatter — Freedman et al. (2018), Mind-Matter and Frontal Lobes.

Autism & Facilitated Communication:

jaswal_2019_being_appearing — Jaswal & Akhtar (2019), "Being vs. Appearing Socially Uninterested," Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Target article challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism.
jaswal_2020_eyetracking — Jaswal, Wayne & Golino (2020), "Eye-Tracking Reveals Agency in Assisted Autistic Communication," Scientific Reports. First objective eye-tracking study of letterboard communication by nonspeaking autistic adults (N=9): letter accuracy 94%, anticipatory gaze preceded pointing 71% of time, linguistic effects on IPI (word-boundary b=0.75, bigram β=−0.18, both p<.0001). Open data on OSF.
weiler_woollacott_2025_telepathy_tapes — Weiler & Woollacott (2025), Narrative review of Telepathy Tapes claims; argues S2C differs from discredited FC; 9 of 22 participants communicated without physical support.

Psychometry:

simmonds_moore_2024_psychometry — Simmonds-Moore (2024), Psychometry Correlates.

Cognitive & Individual Differences:

pehlivanova_2024_cognitive_styles — Pehlivanova, Weiler & Greyson (2024), "Cognitive Styles and Psi: Psi Researchers Are More Similar to Skeptics Than to Lay Believers." UVA DOPS cross-sectional survey (N=144): psi researchers scored identically to academic skeptics on actively open-minded thinking (AOT 4.5±0.3, p=0.91); only lay believers scored lower (4.2±0.4). Challenges 'cognitive deficit hypothesis.' Published in Frontiers in Psychology. NOTE: Catalog originally misattributed to Dagnall, Drinkwater & Parker — corrected Session 48.

Skeptical & Methodological:

rabeyron_2020_most — Rabeyron (2020), "Why Most Psi Findings Are False." Applies Ioannidis-style reasoning to psi.
Bierman (2020), Absence of Evidence for Psi. A null-results analysis.
lakens_2017_equivalence — Lakens (2017), Equivalence Tests. Methodological tool for demonstrating null effects.
watt_2015_lessons — Watt & Kennedy (2015), "Lessons from the First Two Years of Operating a Study Registry," Frontiers in Psychology. Practical recommendations from operating the KPU parapsychology study registry, advocating irreversibly public pre-registration and independent review of submissions.
heino_2017_reproducibility — Heino, Fried & LeBel (2017), "Commentary: Reproducibility in Psychological Science: When Do Psychological Phenomena Exist?" Short commentary in Frontiers in Psychology arguing that complexity of psychological phenomena should motivate sophisticated study designs rather than abandoning replicability; counters Iso-Ahola's claim that reproducibility is unattainable. Not about psi directly, but the complexity-vs-replicability tension it addresses parallels debates in parapsychology. NOTE: Catalog originally misattributed as Mossbridge (2017) "Examining Psi" — corrected Session 47.
Tressoldi (2018), Advancing Parapsychology.
tressoldi_2021_umbrella_review — Tressoldi & Storm (2021), "Anomalous Cognition: An Umbrella Review of the Meta-Analytic Evidence," JAEX. The most comprehensive synthesis of psi meta-analyses: 11 meta-analyses covering 928 studies (1989-2021) across all major paradigms; effect sizes range from 0.005 to 0.39; altered states and free-response protocols identified as strong moderators (rs = .81).
kennedy_2024_research_fraud — Kennedy (2024), "Addressing Researcher Fraud: Retrospective, Real-Time, and Preventive Strategies," Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, DOI: 10.3389/frma.2024.1397649. Policy review arguing that researcher fraud is easy and common in academia, and that most institutional anti-fraud efforts (retrospective investigation) are unreliable due to post-hoc bias, low 'preponderance of evidence' standards, and inability to identify perpetrators when data access is poorly controlled. Proposes 8 preventive practices from FDA-regulated clinical trials — raw data archiving, audit trails, restricted access, software validation, quality control, blinding with pre-registered analysis programs, research audits, data sharing — as the most effective approach. Kennedy personally audited the Transparent Psi Project and found a significant software error. Culmination of Kennedy's research integrity work alongside kennedy_2017_experimenter_fraud and kennedy_2024_falsifiable_research.

Remote Viewing (Continued):

escola_gascon_2023_cia_remote_viewing — Escola-Gascon et al. (2023), CIA Remote Viewing Follow-Up with SEM and Bayesian analysis (N=634).
schwartz_2019_location — Schwartz (2019), Byzantine Site Remote Viewing.

Cross-Era Themes

The Replication Question

Every era of psi research confronts the same core challenge: initial striking results that prove difficult to replicate consistently. The library documents this thread from Rhine's decline effect through the ganzfeld debates (Bem 1994 vs. Milton 1999 vs. Storm 2010 vs. Tressoldi 2024), Bem's precognition controversy (Bem 2011 vs. Ritchie 2012 vs. Galak 2012 vs. Bem 2015), and the presentiment literature (Mossbridge 2012 vs. Schwarzkopf 2014).

Skeptic-Proponent Collaboration

A distinctive feature of psi research is the tradition of structured debate: Hyman-Honorton (1985), Wiseman-Schlitz (1997), and the Cardena-Reber-Schooler exchange in American Psychologist (2018-2019). The library holds key documents from each of these exchanges.

From Anecdote to Meta-Analysis

The field's evidentiary standards have progressed from case collections (SPR era), through forced-choice card tests (Rhine era), to automated protocols (autoganzfeld), to multi-lab meta-analyses with Bayesian analysis and pre-registration (current era). The library's meta-analyses span every major paradigm: ganzfeld, precognition, presentiment, PK/RNG, DMILS, and distant healing.

The Consciousness Question

Across all eras, psi research converges on questions about the nature of consciousness. The library holds theoretical papers proposing quantum models (Josephson 1991, Walach 2014, Kauffman 2023), consciousness-collapse theories (Bierman 2003, Henry 2005), and empirical programs testing observer effects on physical systems (Radin 2012-2025).

How to use this era

If you are an AI agent: Papers are cited with catalog IDs in backticks after 📄 In library:. Cross-reference with _CATALOG.json for full bibliographic information.
If you are a human reader: Read the milestones and research character to understand the period, then locate the cited papers.
To update: When new papers from this era are added to the library, add them to the 📄 In library: section. Only add papers that represent historical milestones.

Back to Timeline Index

This timeline references only papers held in the library's catalog. For the complete inventory, see _CATALOG.json.